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it's all about fluids flames a materials

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research aboard the International Space

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Station hi I'm NASA astronaut Tracy

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Dyson welcome to station life isn't a

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two-for of illogically is r35 at four

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six four right now

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Jeffery's thank you okay Tracy we copy

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and that the information we'll pass it

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along welcome back this month on station

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life we're going to take a look at how

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the unique environment of space affects

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physical science experiments aboard the

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International Space Station the ISS is a

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laboratory like no other here on earth

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because of the lack of gravity we can

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use it as a variable or we can remove it

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from the equation entirely it's this

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absence of gravity that allows us to

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observe the aspects of fundamental

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physics that we can't see here on earth

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gravity here on earth often masks or

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distorts subtle forces such as surface

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tension or diffusion on ISS these forces

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can be harnessed for a wide variety of

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physical science applications so in

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today's program we're going to take a

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look at how the lack of gravity affects

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the physical sciences of fluids flames

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and materials the ISS is an amazing

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place it has all these laboratories and

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science racks to do amazing experiments

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that are literally out of this world

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the International Space Station is the

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largest most complex object ever

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assembled in space and is clearly

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visible from Earth with nothing more

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than the naked eye from end to end the

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station is slightly longer than an

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American football field the biggest

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shock I would say the biggest impact

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that I had during my flight is the first

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time I looked out the window of the

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orbiter and saw the space station it was

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huge it was huge and shiny and beautiful

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looking at it and knowing that a

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man-made structure that big is actually

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up there the interior of this incredible

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structure is larger than a five bedroom

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house with two baths a gym and a

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360-degree bay window the station's mass

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is almost 1 million pounds and it

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contains about 32,000 cubic feet of

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living space the space station functions

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as a microgravity and life sciences

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laboratory a testbed for new

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technologies and as a platform for both

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Earth and celestial observations the

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complex is made up of multiple

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interconnected modules group together at

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the center point of a 357 footlong

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integrated truss structure power is

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generated through four giant solar

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the pressurized components include three

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laboratories the u.s. laboratory module

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destiny the European research laboratory

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Columbus and the Japanese experiment

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module Kibo the Russian service module

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is the structural and functional center

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of the Russian segment of the station it

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provides living quarters communication

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systems and exercise facility and flight

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propulsion systems other Russian

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segments include the functional cargo

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block to many research modules and a

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docking compartment the Italian space

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agency provided a permanent

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multi-purpose module which can host up

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to 16 additional racks containing

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equipment experiments and supplies there

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are three modules called nodes that

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connect the elements of the station and

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provide berthing ports the primary

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residential areas include the Russian

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service module and node three

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tranquility which contains a bathroom

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for crew hygiene and exercise equipment

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a treadmill and a zero-g weightlifting

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device the quest airlock provides the

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capability for extra vehicular activity

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or EVs this is the module that provides

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the exit for spacewalking astronauts to

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go outside the station to work the

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cupola is a small module designed for

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the observation of operations outside

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the space station similar to a bay

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window in a home on earth but with a

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360-degree view the cupola allows crew

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members to observe the approach of

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vehicles as well as all robotic arm

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operations and spacewalks the

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canadian-built space station robotic arm

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is a larger version of the arm on the

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space shuttle and is used to move

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equipment and hardware around outside

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the station

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the space station is the home of six

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full-time crew members and is made up of

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astronauts and cosmonauts from nations

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around the world more than 200 people

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have visited so far and at least another

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we also just get my big brother on the

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other side of my ID back you coming here

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I'll be drilling without the floor

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dancing absolutely and it's just like in

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as the International Space Station flies

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257 statute miles over the coast of

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Chile terry virts and the initial

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moments of his first spacewalk hmm I

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don't know about you but I like to start

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my day with an awesome cup of coffee and

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onboard the International Space Station

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same thing no different

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the drinking coffee in space comes with

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its set of unique challenges without the

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pull of gravity liquid acts of really

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strange ways even some of the most basic

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maneuvers like drinking from a coffee

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cup are confounded by the absence of

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most fundamental forces we earthlings

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take for granted I mean last time I

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lived onboard the space station we had

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to drink coffee out of one of these a

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bag with a straw one problem there's no

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smell no I find half the joy of drinking

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coffee is the aromatic bouquet as you

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drink it so fellow astronaut Don Pettit

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came up with the solution and helped Co

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invent the first ever microgravity space

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coffee cup to enhance your coffee

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drinking experience on the ISS so here's

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my good buddy Don Pettit explaining his

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ingenious and that's more than genius

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solution to the ISS Coffee dilemma I

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a normal coffee cup or a normal open

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container just simply won't work in a

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weightless environment because the

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liquid will be in the bottom of the cup

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and you tip it up and it still stays in

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the bottom of the cup if you move it

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around too violently it'll all splash

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out make a big mess so we end up having

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to drink our beverages through a straw

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from a bag makes you feel like you're a

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big insect sucking the juices from

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another insect I wanted to see if I

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could figure out a way to have an open

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container Cup in a weightless

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environment which would allow you to

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drink your tea and your coffee in a

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manner that's commensurate with how

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people drink their beverages on earth

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taking some of my surface chemistry that

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I learned in college I devised a cup

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with a special shape the cross-section

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looks kind of like an airplane wing

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where it has a cusp and the cusps will

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allow channel flow so the liquid from

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the bottom of the cup will float up and

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just park itself right next to the rim

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and then you can drink it and it allows

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a crew to share a communal beverage you

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could share tea maybe you just come in

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from doing a spacewalk or something you

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want to celebrate a little bit if you

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have a real cup an open container it's

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so ingrained in human beings it's so

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ingrained in culture

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it adds back the dimension of what it's

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like to be a human being in a civilized

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way

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all kidding aside the solution of

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drinking coffee and space combined with

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the invention of the space coffee mug

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have helped us better understand fluid

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properties in microgravity so now let's

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take a look at how understanding the

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problems associated with drinking coffee

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and space relates to future space travel

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as well as life here on earth high above

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our planet in the realm of satellites

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and space stations the familiar rules of

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Earth do not apply the mid day sky is as

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black as night

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there is no up and no down dropped

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objects don't fall and hot air doesn't

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rise of all the strange things that

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happen up there however it is possible

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that the strangest happens to coffee in

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microgravity a simple morning cuppa Joe

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can be an out-of-this-world experience

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physics professor Mark Weiss logo of

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Portland State University has given a

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lot of thought to coffee and other

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fluids in space and he describes what

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happens for starters he says it would be

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a chore just getting the coffee into the

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cup absent the pull of gravity pouring

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liquids can be very tricky but for the

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sake of argument let's suppose you are

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on the space station and you have a cup

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of coffee in your hand the most natural

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thing would be to tip the cup toward

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your lips but when you do the coffee

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would be very hard to control in fact it

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probably wouldn't move you'd have to

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shake the cup toward your face and hope

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that some of the hot liquid breaks loose

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and floats towards your mouth on the

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bright side you will probably be wide

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awake by the time the cup is empty

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Coffee is not the only liquid that

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misbehaves in space cryogenic fuels

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thermal coolants potable water and urine

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do it to the behavior of fluids is one

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of the most unintuitive things in all of

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spaceflight this poses an extreme

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challenge for engineers designing

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spacecraft systems that use fluids our

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intuition is all wrong laments wise logo

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when it comes to guessing what fluids

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will do in new systems were often in the

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dark to develop a better understanding

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of fluids in microgravity wise local and

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colleagues are conducting the capillary

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flow experiment onboard the

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International Space Station for instance

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one of the devices in their experiment

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suite looks at interior corners if two

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solid surfaces meet at a narrow enough

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angle fluids in microgravity naturally

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flow along the joint no pumping required

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this capillary effect could be used to

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guide all kinds of fluids through

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spacecraft from cryogenic fuel to

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recycled wastewater capillary driven

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flow is difficult to study on earth

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where it is dampened by gravity yet on

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the space station large-scale corner

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flows are easy to create and observe

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wise local and colleagues have already

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been granted three patents for devices

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invented as a result of their work one

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is for a microgravity condensing heat

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exchanger another describes a device

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that separates and controls multi-phase

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fluids the third patent is for you

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guessed it a low gravity coffee cup

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astronaut Don Pettit who worked with the

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capillary flow experiment during his

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time onboard the space station

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helped invent the cup and he shares the

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patent with wise local and two

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mathematicians Paul Conchas and Robert

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Finn who performed the first theoretical

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analysis of the phenomenon

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basically one side of the cup has a

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sharp interior corner in the

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microgravity environment of the space

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station capillary forces send fluid

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flowing along the channel right into the

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lips of the drinker as you sip more

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fluid keeps coming and you can enjoy

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your coffee in a weightless environment

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clear down to the last drops as padded

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this may well be what future space

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colonists use when they want to have a

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00:13:10,810 --> 00:13:09,230
celebration indeed the patent

278
00:13:12,760 --> 00:13:10,820
application specifically mentions

279
00:13:15,670 --> 00:13:12,770
toasting as one of the uses of the

280
00:13:18,070 --> 00:13:15,680
device it's easy to imagine what they

281
00:13:19,810 --> 00:13:18,080
might be toasting toilets and air

282
00:13:22,090 --> 00:13:19,820
conditioners and fuel tanks and

283
00:13:24,220 --> 00:13:22,100
recycling systems all working better

284
00:16:07,610 --> 00:13:24,230
thanks to capillary flow experiments on

285
00:16:14,190 --> 00:16:11,970
as you can see the study of how the

286
00:16:16,260 --> 00:16:14,200
microgravity of space affects fluid

287
00:16:18,930 --> 00:16:16,270
physics is fundamental to the future of

288
00:16:21,000 --> 00:16:18,940
space travel things get even a little

289
00:16:23,070 --> 00:16:21,010
more crazy when we start to look at how

290
00:16:24,870 --> 00:16:23,080
the microgravity of space affects the

291
00:16:27,930 --> 00:16:24,880
fundamental properties of the very fire

292
00:16:29,460 --> 00:16:27,940
we use to heat our coffee here on earth

293
00:16:32,010 --> 00:16:29,470
and in our everyday lives

294
00:16:34,140 --> 00:16:32,020
we understand how fire behaves there's

295
00:16:37,380 --> 00:16:34,150
very few surprises but in space

296
00:16:39,240 --> 00:16:37,390
completely different story on ISS we can

297
00:16:41,370 --> 00:16:39,250
use it as an opportunity to study the

298
00:16:43,530 --> 00:16:41,380
fundamentals of fire so we can better

299
00:16:46,620 --> 00:16:43,540
understand it so let's take a closer

300
00:16:48,870 --> 00:16:46,630
look at this phenomenon fire it is often

301
00:16:51,270 --> 00:16:48,880
said is mankind's oldest chemistry

302
00:16:53,730 --> 00:16:51,280
experiment for thousands of years people

303
00:16:55,980 --> 00:16:53,740
have been mixing the oxygen-rich air of

304
00:16:57,960 --> 00:16:55,990
the earth with an almost endless variety

305
00:17:00,060 --> 00:16:57,970
of fuels to produce a hot luminous flame

306
00:17:01,440 --> 00:17:00,070
there's an arc of learning about

307
00:17:03,330 --> 00:17:01,450
combustion that stretches from the

308
00:17:05,760 --> 00:17:03,340
earliest campfires of primitive humans

309
00:17:07,410 --> 00:17:05,770
to the most advanced automobiles racing

310
00:17:08,870 --> 00:17:07,420
down the super highways of the 21st

311
00:17:11,100 --> 00:17:08,880
century

312
00:17:12,980 --> 00:17:11,110
engineers studying burning to produce

313
00:17:15,210 --> 00:17:12,990
better internal combustion engines

314
00:17:18,570 --> 00:17:15,220
chemists peer into flames looking for

315
00:17:21,120 --> 00:17:18,580
exotic reactions chef's experiment with

316
00:17:23,550 --> 00:17:21,130
fire to cook better food you would think

317
00:17:25,680 --> 00:17:23,560
there's not much more to learn when it

318
00:17:27,420 --> 00:17:25,690
comes to fire flames are hard to

319
00:17:30,360 --> 00:17:27,430
understand because they're complicated

320
00:17:31,850 --> 00:17:30,370
in an ordinary candle flame thousands of

321
00:17:34,080 --> 00:17:31,860
chemical reactions take place

322
00:17:36,750 --> 00:17:34,090
hydrocarbon molecules from the wick are

323
00:17:38,820 --> 00:17:36,760
vaporized and cracked apart by heat they

324
00:17:43,050 --> 00:17:38,830
combine with oxygen to produce light

325
00:17:44,910 --> 00:17:43,060
heat carbon dioxide and water some of

326
00:17:46,950 --> 00:17:44,920
the hydrocarbon fragments form ring

327
00:17:49,800 --> 00:17:46,960
shaped molecules called polycyclic

328
00:17:53,310 --> 00:17:49,810
aromatic hydrocarbons and eventually

329
00:17:56,280 --> 00:17:53,320
soot set particles can themselves burn

330
00:17:58,230 --> 00:17:56,290
or simply drift away as smoke the

331
00:18:01,110 --> 00:17:58,240
familiar teardrop shape of the flame is

332
00:18:03,690 --> 00:18:01,120
an effect caused by gravity hot air

333
00:18:06,180 --> 00:18:03,700
rises and draws fresh cool air behind it

334
00:18:09,540 --> 00:18:06,190
this is called buoyancy and is what

335
00:18:11,430 --> 00:18:09,550
makes the flame shoot up and flicker but

336
00:18:13,970 --> 00:18:11,440
what happens when you light a candle say

337
00:18:16,880 --> 00:18:13,980
on the International Space Station in

338
00:18:20,880 --> 00:18:16,890
microgravity flames burn differently

339
00:18:22,830 --> 00:18:20,890
they form little spheres Space Station

340
00:18:24,950 --> 00:18:22,840
flame balls turn out to be wonderful

341
00:18:27,570 --> 00:18:24,960
mini labs for combustion research

342
00:18:30,030 --> 00:18:27,580
unlike flames on earth which expand

343
00:18:33,060 --> 00:18:30,040
greedily when they need more fuel flame

344
00:18:35,460 --> 00:18:33,070
balls let the oxygen come to them oxygen

345
00:18:37,920 --> 00:18:35,470
fuel combined in a narrow zone at the

346
00:18:40,290 --> 00:18:37,930
surface of the sphere not here and there

347
00:18:43,140 --> 00:18:40,300
throughout the flame it's a much simpler

348
00:18:45,960 --> 00:18:43,150
system recently on a space station

349
00:18:47,310 --> 00:18:45,970
experiment called flex where scientists

350
00:18:50,190 --> 00:18:47,320
learn how to put out fires in

351
00:18:52,230 --> 00:18:50,200
microgravity they noticed small droplets

352
00:18:54,300 --> 00:18:52,240
of heptane we're burning inside the Flex

353
00:18:57,510 --> 00:18:54,310
combustion chamber

354
00:18:59,610 --> 00:18:57,520
as planned the flames went out but

355
00:19:02,730 --> 00:18:59,620
unexpectedly the droplets of fuel

356
00:19:06,780 --> 00:19:02,740
continued burning the flames are they're

357
00:19:11,370 --> 00:19:06,790
just too faint to see these are cool

358
00:19:13,730 --> 00:19:11,380
flames ordinarily visible fires burn at

359
00:19:17,250 --> 00:19:13,740
a high temperature between 2200 and

360
00:19:19,080 --> 00:19:17,260
3,100 degrees Fahrenheit heptane flame

361
00:19:21,750 --> 00:19:19,090
balls on the space station started out

362
00:19:23,940 --> 00:19:21,760
in this hot fire regime but as the flame

363
00:19:27,150 --> 00:19:23,950
balls cooled and began to go out a

364
00:19:28,980 --> 00:19:27,160
different kind of burning took over cool

365
00:19:32,040 --> 00:19:28,990
flames burn at the relatively low

366
00:19:33,900 --> 00:19:32,050
temperature of 400 to 1000 degrees

367
00:19:35,390 --> 00:19:33,910
Fahrenheit and their chemistry is

368
00:19:38,010 --> 00:19:35,400
completely different

369
00:19:40,500 --> 00:19:38,020
normal flames produce soot carbon

370
00:19:43,380 --> 00:19:40,510
dioxide and water cool flames produce

371
00:19:44,850 --> 00:19:43,390
carbon monoxide and formaldehyde similar

372
00:19:47,130 --> 00:19:44,860
cool flames have been produced on earth

373
00:19:50,130 --> 00:19:47,140
but they flicker out almost immediately

374
00:19:53,130 --> 00:19:50,140
on the space station however cool flames

375
00:19:55,020 --> 00:19:53,140
can burn for nearly a minute there are

376
00:19:57,180 --> 00:19:55,030
practical implications of these results

377
00:19:59,970 --> 00:19:57,190
for instance they could lead to cleaner

378
00:20:01,650 --> 00:19:59,980
Auto ignitions one of the ideas that

379
00:20:05,520 --> 00:20:01,660
auto companies have worked on for years

380
00:20:08,310 --> 00:20:05,530
is H CCI short for homogeneous charge

381
00:20:10,470 --> 00:20:08,320
compression ignition an automobile

382
00:20:12,600 --> 00:20:10,480
cylinder instead of a spark there would

383
00:20:14,310 --> 00:20:12,610
be a gentler less polluting combustion

384
00:20:17,220 --> 00:20:14,320
process throughout the entire chamber

385
00:20:20,970 --> 00:20:17,230
the chemistry of H CCI involves cool

386
00:20:22,380 --> 00:20:20,980
flame chemistry the extra control we get

387
00:20:24,270 --> 00:20:22,390
from the steady-state burning on the

388
00:20:25,860 --> 00:20:24,280
space station will give us more accurate

389
00:20:29,370 --> 00:20:25,870
chemistry values for this type of

390
00:20:32,670 --> 00:20:29,380
research a combustion integrated rack or

391
00:20:34,830 --> 00:20:32,680
Cir in the Destiny laboratory makes it

392
00:20:37,140 --> 00:20:34,840
possible to perform a wide variety of

393
00:20:40,470 --> 00:20:37,150
experiments that teach us how fire

394
00:20:43,350 --> 00:20:40,480
behaves in microgravity in the center of

395
00:20:45,360 --> 00:20:43,360
the Cir is a large round chamber called

396
00:20:48,450 --> 00:20:45,370
the multi-user droplet combustion

397
00:20:50,850 --> 00:20:48,460
apparatus the 100 liter chamber has

398
00:20:52,950 --> 00:20:50,860
eight windows and five cameras that

399
00:20:55,470 --> 00:20:52,960
allow scientists to observe patterns

400
00:20:56,850 --> 00:20:55,480
made when burning fuels under different

401
00:20:58,919 --> 00:20:56,860
conditions

402
00:21:01,320 --> 00:20:58,929
the five cameras are capable of

403
00:21:04,049 --> 00:21:01,330
photographing high resolution high frame

404
00:21:07,139 --> 00:21:04,059
rate images in ultraviolet low light and

405
00:21:09,899 --> 00:21:07,149
in multiple spectrums that are specific

406
00:21:12,090 --> 00:21:09,909
to combustion events several additional

407
00:21:14,490 --> 00:21:12,100
hardware components can be added to the

408
00:21:17,370 --> 00:21:14,500
sir to customize its chamber for

409
00:21:20,100 --> 00:21:17,380
specific experiments flex is the flame

410
00:21:22,799 --> 00:21:20,110
extinguishment experiment that utilizes

411
00:21:25,889 --> 00:21:22,809
the sir to conduct various burn tests on

412
00:21:27,810 --> 00:21:25,899
gas and liquid fuel it also tests the

413
00:21:30,500 --> 00:21:27,820
effectiveness of different methods for

414
00:21:33,360 --> 00:21:30,510
extinguishing the flames from the test

415
00:21:35,669 --> 00:21:33,370
ISS provides a sustained microgravity

416
00:21:38,419 --> 00:21:35,679
environment which allows scientists to

417
00:21:40,769 --> 00:21:38,429
observe the geometric chemical and

418
00:21:43,740 --> 00:21:40,779
thermodynamic properties of both the

419
00:21:46,529 --> 00:21:43,750
flame and the fuel droplet inside the

420
00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:46,539
burn chamber under these conditions we

421
00:21:50,879 --> 00:21:48,010
can advance our fundamental

422
00:21:53,310 --> 00:21:50,889
understanding about how fuels burn in

423
00:21:55,560 --> 00:21:53,320
microgravity as well as on earth this

424
00:21:58,620 --> 00:21:55,570
research will be used to better address

425
00:22:01,019 --> 00:21:58,630
fire hazards associated with liquid

426
00:22:03,810 --> 00:22:01,029
combustibles the wealth of information

427
00:22:06,090 --> 00:22:03,820
obtained from the test in Flex will also

428
00:22:08,190 --> 00:22:06,100
help scientists on earth solve problems

429
00:22:10,620 --> 00:22:08,200
with pollution that are generated by

430
00:22:12,779 --> 00:22:10,630
combustion the many different

431
00:22:15,360 --> 00:22:12,789
experiments in the combustion integrated

432
00:22:17,430 --> 00:22:15,370
rack will help engineers increase the

433
00:22:19,980 --> 00:22:17,440
efficiency of gasoline and diesel

434
00:22:21,629 --> 00:22:19,990
engines here on earth and will help us

435
00:22:44,690 --> 00:22:21,639
understand fire prevention and

436
00:22:50,070 --> 00:22:48,419
now that was hot okay fluids and flames

437
00:22:52,289 --> 00:22:50,080
are acting a little differently but

438
00:22:54,570 --> 00:22:52,299
that's not all let's take a look now at

439
00:22:56,700 --> 00:22:54,580
colloids magnetic fluids and smart

440
00:23:00,029 --> 00:22:56,710
materials but first let me tell you what

441
00:23:02,580 --> 00:23:00,039
those are Colon's that contain suspended

442
00:23:04,380 --> 00:23:02,590
particles magnetic fluids are smart

443
00:23:05,880 --> 00:23:04,390
fluids that increase an apparent

444
00:23:08,730 --> 00:23:05,890
thickness when exposed to a magnetic

445
00:23:11,370 --> 00:23:08,740
field and smart materials are specially

446
00:23:13,020 --> 00:23:11,380
designed to significantly change in a

447
00:23:14,970 --> 00:23:13,030
controlled fashion when exposed to

448
00:23:17,159 --> 00:23:14,980
stress temperature or magnetic field

449
00:23:19,770 --> 00:23:17,169
colloids magnetic fluids and smart

450
00:23:22,710 --> 00:23:19,780
materials oh my now let's take a look at

451
00:23:25,020 --> 00:23:22,720
how these are studied on ISS if you have

452
00:23:27,419 --> 00:23:25,030
a smartphone take it out and run your

453
00:23:29,700 --> 00:23:27,429
fingers along the glass surface it's

454
00:23:32,070 --> 00:23:29,710
cool to the touch incredibly thin and

455
00:23:34,860 --> 00:23:32,080
strong and almost impervious to

456
00:23:38,700 --> 00:23:34,870
scratching you're now in contact with a

457
00:23:41,340 --> 00:23:38,710
smart material smart materials don't

458
00:23:42,930 --> 00:23:41,350
occur naturally instead they're designed

459
00:23:45,299 --> 00:23:42,940
by engineers working at the molecular

460
00:23:49,350 --> 00:23:45,309
level to produce substances made to

461
00:23:51,510 --> 00:23:49,360
order for futuristic applications the

462
00:23:53,580 --> 00:23:51,520
Corning Gorilla Glass that overlays the

463
00:23:56,370 --> 00:23:53,590
displays of many smartphones is a great

464
00:23:59,039 --> 00:23:56,380
example it gets its toughness in part

465
00:24:01,110 --> 00:23:59,049
from fat potassium ions stuffed into the

466
00:24:04,649 --> 00:24:01,120
empty spaces between old-fashioned glass

467
00:24:06,899 --> 00:24:04,659
molecules when the molten glass cools

468
00:24:09,149 --> 00:24:06,909
during manufacturing densed pack

469
00:24:10,919 --> 00:24:09,159
molecules solidify into a transparent

470
00:24:14,370 --> 00:24:10,929
armor that gives Gorilla Glass as

471
00:24:16,380 --> 00:24:14,380
extraordinary properties around the

472
00:24:18,899 --> 00:24:16,390
world designers are working on other

473
00:24:21,510 --> 00:24:18,909
smart materials such as alloys that can

474
00:24:24,149 --> 00:24:21,520
change shape on demand plastics that

475
00:24:26,430 --> 00:24:24,159
heal themselves when ruptured and fluids

476
00:24:29,669 --> 00:24:26,440
that obey magnetic commands to flow or

477
00:24:31,260 --> 00:24:29,679
stiffen under computer control one of

478
00:24:33,120 --> 00:24:31,270
the greatest challenges in creating a

479
00:24:36,750 --> 00:24:33,130
smart material is arranging the

480
00:24:38,820 --> 00:24:36,760
molecules they're so small we want to

481
00:24:42,450 --> 00:24:38,830
create a new class of materials beyond

482
00:24:44,860 --> 00:24:42,460
smart we need genius materials materials

483
00:24:47,260 --> 00:24:44,870
that arrange themselves

484
00:24:49,510 --> 00:24:47,270
the research to accomplish this is

485
00:24:50,289 --> 00:24:49,520
already underway on the International

486
00:24:52,690 --> 00:24:50,299
Space Station

487
00:24:56,830 --> 00:24:52,700
dr. first is the principal investigator

488
00:24:59,440 --> 00:24:56,840
of an experiment called inspace-3 in the

489
00:25:01,360 --> 00:24:59,450
microgravity of Earth orbit vials of

490
00:25:03,610 --> 00:25:01,370
fluid mixed with very small colloidal

491
00:25:05,649 --> 00:25:03,620
particles about a millionth of a meter

492
00:25:06,490 --> 00:25:05,659
in diameter are exposed to magnetic

493
00:25:08,919 --> 00:25:06,500
fields

494
00:25:11,680 --> 00:25:08,929
magnetism can be switched on and off

495
00:25:13,600 --> 00:25:11,690
again very rapidly this jostles the

496
00:25:15,580 --> 00:25:13,610
particles causing them to bump together

497
00:25:18,220 --> 00:25:15,590
and self-assemble into microscopic

498
00:25:20,080 --> 00:25:18,230
structures these structures can be very

499
00:25:21,490 --> 00:25:20,090
difficult to predict even using

500
00:25:24,310 --> 00:25:21,500
cutting-edge models running on

501
00:25:25,600 --> 00:25:24,320
supercomputers astronauts enjoy watching

502
00:25:27,850 --> 00:25:25,610
this process in action through

503
00:25:29,860 --> 00:25:27,860
microscopes because the samples are

504
00:25:34,060 --> 00:25:29,870
backlit by a green lamp they sometimes

505
00:25:36,220 --> 00:25:34,070
call it the green blob experiment first

506
00:25:38,799 --> 00:25:36,230
recently won an award from the American

507
00:25:41,860 --> 00:25:38,809
astronautical Society for his work on in

508
00:25:43,779 --> 00:25:41,870
space 3 just by toggling a magnetic

509
00:25:45,850 --> 00:25:43,789
field we're learning how to take many

510
00:25:47,860 --> 00:25:45,860
kinds of microscopic building blocks and

511
00:25:51,760 --> 00:25:47,870
get them to spontaneously form

512
00:25:53,440 --> 00:25:51,770
interesting structures recently

513
00:25:55,980 --> 00:25:53,450
observers have seen the colloidal

514
00:25:58,330 --> 00:25:55,990
particles forming long fibrous chains

515
00:25:59,889 --> 00:25:58,340
first speculates that these could lead

516
00:26:03,519 --> 00:25:59,899
to materials that conduct heat or

517
00:26:05,289 --> 00:26:03,529
electricity in only one direction the

518
00:26:06,909 --> 00:26:05,299
experiment has also yielded crystalline

519
00:26:09,820 --> 00:26:06,919
structures that the team is just

520
00:26:11,529 --> 00:26:09,830
beginning to investigate the fluids

521
00:26:13,899 --> 00:26:11,539
underlying these tests are themselves

522
00:26:16,899 --> 00:26:13,909
very smart they're called

523
00:26:19,060 --> 00:26:16,909
magnetorheological or mr fluids because

524
00:26:22,029 --> 00:26:19,070
they harden or change shape when they

525
00:26:24,549 --> 00:26:22,039
feel a magnetic field if you own a

526
00:26:26,680 --> 00:26:24,559
sports or luxury car you might have mr

527
00:26:28,659 --> 00:26:26,690
fluids in your shock absorbers the

528
00:26:30,610 --> 00:26:28,669
stiffness of magnetic shocks can be

529
00:26:32,830 --> 00:26:30,620
electronically adjusted thousands of

530
00:26:35,649 --> 00:26:32,840
times per second providing a remarkably

531
00:26:37,240 --> 00:26:35,659
smooth ride similar but more powerful

532
00:26:39,700 --> 00:26:37,250
devices have been installed at Japan's

533
00:26:43,180 --> 00:26:39,710
National Museum of emerging science and

534
00:26:45,220 --> 00:26:43,190
China's daunting Lake bridge they're

535
00:26:48,519 --> 00:26:45,230
there to counteract vibrations caused by

536
00:26:50,350 --> 00:26:48,529
earthquakes and gusts of wind some

537
00:26:52,210 --> 00:26:50,360
researchers have speculated that mr

538
00:26:54,190 --> 00:26:52,220
fluids might one day flow through the

539
00:26:55,240 --> 00:26:54,200
actuators and hydraulic dampers of

540
00:26:57,190 --> 00:26:55,250
robots

541
00:26:59,770 --> 00:26:57,200
moving artificial joints and limbs and

542
00:27:01,450 --> 00:26:59,780
lifelike fashion scientists and

543
00:27:03,899 --> 00:27:01,460
researchers are using these fluids as a

544
00:27:07,299 --> 00:27:03,909
laboratory for studying self-assembly

545
00:27:09,190 --> 00:27:07,309
EMR fluids are by definition responsive

546
00:27:11,770 --> 00:27:09,200
to the magnetic nudging that sets

547
00:27:14,140 --> 00:27:11,780
self-assembly in motion furthermore in

548
00:27:17,049 --> 00:27:14,150
space the particles don't sediment out

549
00:27:20,200 --> 00:27:17,059
due to gravity we can study the full 3d

550
00:27:22,480 --> 00:27:20,210
evolution of the material varying the

551
00:27:24,669 --> 00:27:22,490
shape of the colloidal particles the

552
00:27:26,260 --> 00:27:24,679
cadence of magnetic toggling the

553
00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:26,270
temperature of the fluid and other

554
00:27:29,680 --> 00:27:28,010
factors will allow researchers and

555
00:27:32,620 --> 00:27:29,690
astronauts to further explore the

556
00:27:34,779 --> 00:27:32,630
frontiers of self-assembly touch the

557
00:27:45,669 --> 00:27:34,789
surface of your smartphone again that's

558
00:27:47,169 --> 00:27:45,679
just the beginning the International

559
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Space Station is an unprecedented

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research platform in space allowing

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scientists and researchers from all over

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the world to conduct experiments that

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can't be done anywhere else this work

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off the earth will lead to a better

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understanding of the fundamentals of

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surface tension combustion and colloids

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in the absence of gravity benefiting us

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by helping to make more efficient

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combustion engines better portable

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medical diagnostics stronger lighter

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00:28:13,750 --> 00:28:11,840
alloys medicines that have a longer

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shelf life and buildings that are more

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00:28:18,340 --> 00:28:16,309
resistant to earthquakes research on the

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International Space Station continues to

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benefit us all here on earth be sure to

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stay in touch and follow us on Facebook

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and Twitter for the latest research news

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and don't forget to download our newest

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app on your mobile device

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until next time we're working off the